除上述主流原则外,“cross-subsidization” 是目前广泛存在但鲜少暴露光面纸质料问题- 即某类群体承担比实情 risk 更低责任以补偿他们宝贵 group member 打折优惠. 这样操作旨在推动 sales & retain customers; 然 kinks in system 带出 moral hazard problem (individuals tend to take higher risks knowing that they are less likely bear full financial burden).
总结起来, 对 consumer 而言 key is transparency: greater understanding behind how premiums calculated 不仅使 client better informed on their coverage and what factors influence costs but also promote competitiveness within industry by preventing potential abuse of pricing strategies.